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Over the first third of the twentieth century, Australia's population doubled in size but remained essentially the same in terms of its mix. It was overwhelmingly sourced from the British Isles (England, Wales, Scotland, and Ireland) with a small influence from the rest of Europe. This ethnic stability is illustrated by the first four Census results conducted after Federation in 1901 ― "(Exclusive of full-blood Aboriginals)" ! Numbers of Anglo-Celtic Australians increased over time from the 'natural increase' of a young and fertile 'settler population' derived from nineteenth century migration. Contributions from the rest of the world were relatively low and static. Australia's demographic uniformity did not alter until after the end of the Second World War. Only in the harsh post-war realism of a nation recovering from the shock of near-invasion by the Japanese did we re-consider our traditional ideas of 'racial stock'. The urgency in popular